Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health problem globally and the most notable chronic liver disease in Asian countries. Various dietary supplements have been assessed as potential methods to alleviate the metabolic damages related to NAFLD, but the results of these works have been equivocal. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic yogurt fortified with vitamin D (Pro-YFD) on glycemic and anthropometric indices in patients with NAFLD. One hundred and four NAFLD patients of both sexes were randomly allocated to 2 groups: group A (Pro-YFD) and group B (unfortified yogurt). The intervention period was 3 months. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS) and insulin level. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Eighty-eight patients completed the study. The mean serum level of 25(OH)D3 was elevated significantly (p < 0.001), while insulin level decreased significantly (p < 0.003) in group A at the end of the study. FBS levels showed no significant differences between the groups at the end of the trial. Also, there were no significant changes in diet caloric intake, physical activity, or anthropometric indices in the 2 groups during the interventions. Pro-YFD in the diets of patients with NAFLD may attenuate insulin resistance and improve serum level of 25(OH)D3.
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This study aimed to utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to determine the effects of dietary calcium, protein and vitamin D on adiposity and lipidemia and to assess mediatory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic patients (93 females and 57 males) were randomly selected. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses, and fat mass percent were recorded. Nutritional data were collected. SEM was performed. Based on the primary hypothesis, adiposity and lipidemia were fitted in a model. The direct effects of dietary calcium (λ = –0.165, p value = 0.002) and PTH (λ = –0.143, p value = 0.011) were significantly associated with lipidemia. There were no significant effects for dietary protein on PTH (λ = –0.270, p value = 0.057), 25(OH)D (λ = –0.071, p value = 0.613), lipidemia (λ = –0.044; p value = 0.638) or adiposity (λ = –0.009, p value = 0.949) as well as for dietary vitamin D on PTH (λ = –0.119, p value = 0.194), 25(OH)D (λ = 0.023, p value = 0.806), lipidemia (λ = 0.034, p value = 0.587) or adiposity (λ = –0.221, p value = 0.118). The correlation between calcium intake and lipidemia, and adiposity are not mediated by 25(OH)D and PTH. There were the direct effects of dietary calcium on adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the predictors of obesity.
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