Meta-analyses have been conducted with conflicting results on this topic. Due to missing several eligible studies in previous meta-analysis by Lam et al., we conducted an extensive systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in this regard. A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar, until November 2023. Based on the analysis of 33 studies comprising 2,047 individuals, it was found that there was a significant increase in body weight for each 1 g/day increase in omega-3 lipids (standardized MD [SMD], 0.52 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31, 0.73; I2 = 95%; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation [GRADE] = low). Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids did not yield a statistically significant impact on body mass index (BMI) (SMD, 0.12 kg/m2; 95% CI, −0.02, 0.27; I2 = 79%; GRADE = very low), lean body mass (LBM) (SMD, −0.02 kg; 95% CI, −0.43, 0.39; I2 = 97%; GRADE = very low), fat mass (SMD, 0.45 kg; 95% CI, −0.25, 1.15; I2 = 96%; GRADE = low), and body fat (SMD, 0.30%; 95% CI, −0.90, 1.51; I2 = 96%; GRADE = very low). After excluding 2 studies, the findings were significant for BMI. Regarding the results of the dose-response analysis, body weight increased proportionally by increasing the dose of omega-3 supplementation up to 4 g/day. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can improve body weight, but not BMI, LBM, fat mass, or body fat in cancer patients; large-scale randomized trials needed for more reliable results.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major reasons of mortality in the worldwide. There is clear evidence that some amino acids such as arginine can improve CRC and its complications. Hence, in this systematic review we evaluated the association between arginine intake and CRC improvement. We searched the PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar databases by using proper keywords to find the relevant literatures, published to March 2019. Nine human studies of 523 screened articles were included in present systematic review. The majority of studies have found a positive association between consumption of arginine and CRC improvement. Increased inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression and subsequently increasing the NO concentration in the tumor and/or serum, after arginine intake may be responsible for these protective effects. Also, arginine consumption may reduce cell proliferation in CRC and it can enhance immune function after remove the tumor. Although the benefits of arginine consumption in CRC patients were reported in previous trials, the finding need replication in well-designed studies before final conclusion.
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This analytical cross-sectional study examined the nutrient intakes, dietary compliance, dietary supplementation and traditional remedy usage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients from selected tertiary hospitals in multi-racial Malaysia. We compared the different characteristics of T2DM patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Socio-demographic status, dietary intakes, dietary supplementation, traditional remedy use, medical history, anthropometric measurements and clinical characteristics were obtained from face-to-face interviews. A total of 313 patients who were treated for T2DM participated in this study, in which 36.1% of them had CVD. The mean age of study subjects was 55.7 ± 9.2 years; mean diabetes duration was 10.1 ± 8.1 years; 52.1% were females; and 47.0% were Malays. The mean total energy intake of the subjects was 1674 ± 694 kcal/day, and patients with CVD consumed higher total calories (p = 0.001). Likewise, the mean carbohydrate, protein and total fat intake of CVD patients were significantly higher than non-CVD patients (p < 0.05), while mean intakes of cholesterol, fibre, minerals and all vitamins were comparable between CVD and non-CVD patients. Regardless of CVD status, a notably high proportion of the subjects did not meet the recommendations of the Medical Nutrition Therapy Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes for total energy, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, and fibre intakes. Meanwhile, 52.4% used at least one dietary supplement and 12.1% took single traditional remedy or in various combinations. Traditional remedies and supplement intake did not differ between CVD and non-CVD subjects. It is suggested that T2DM patients should be educated based on their personalized dietary intake, dietary supplementation and traditional remedy usage. The recommendations for T2DM patients shall be met to achieve the optimal metabolic goals and minimize the potential diabetic complications.
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